The quality of the image is milky when I use the wide lens adaptor and zoom right in

It’s a lens adaptor or a supplementary lens and designed to supplement the existing optical range of the built in zoom. To widen the field of view at the wide end and the tele end of the zoom. It’s a big ask for a zoom lens to perform brilliantly at the very end of the telephoto-end of the zoom at any time.

Adding a piece of glass designed to widen the shot makes this task even harder as you extend the zoom to try an magnify the image as much as you are able. Without the wide angle adaptor on the front, you would find yourself not having to stretch the zoom so far, taking it well out of it’s comfort zone. This is why you had a disappointing result.

Do all wide angle lenses have a soft edge when we zoom in or is it because I have a cheap lenses
Many are soft at the edges, even expensive ones. The cheaper the lens, the worse it gets. I use the wide angle adaptor only when i need it for a wider angle of view. I take it off if there as just run of the mill shots to capture.

While the phrase depth of focus was historically used, and is sometimes still used, to mean depth of field, in modern times it is more often reserved for the image-side depth. Depth of field is a measurement of depth of acceptable sharpness in the object space, or subject space.

Depth of focus, however, is a measurement of how much distance exists behind the lens wherein the film or sensor plane will remain sharply in focus. It can be viewed as the flip side of depth of field, occurring on the opposite side of the lens.

Where depth of field often can be measured in macroscopic units such as meters and feet, depth of focus is typically measured in microscopic units such as fractions of a millimetre or thousandths of an inch.
The same factors that determine depth of field also determine depth of focus, but these factors can have different effects than they have in depth of field.

Both depth of field and depth of focus increase with smaller apertures. For distant subjects (beyond macro range), depth of focus is relatively insensitive to focal length and subject distance, for a fixed f-number. In the macro region, depth of focus increases with longer focal length or closer subject distance, while depth of field decreases.

Sequences recorded inside vehicles at night will only look convincing if they are under-lit. 

Setups that look fake, are usually the result of using too many lights, or by placing them in the wrong position –  less is more. Lighting vehicle interiors should be approached with a low key look in mind and these has to be a balance of artificial and ambient light to get realistic results.

What will you learn? 

This tutorial will show you the type of light fixtures to use, where to put them, and the mechanics of light placement in an on vehicles. It will additionally give you the tips and the techniques to get that lighting balance right so you can shoot a convincing night driving sequence or in-car interview.

A quick way to shoot the sequence but with no over-the-top expenses. In particular, let us take a scenario, where you have to record an interview with the driver of the vehicle at night. The interior of a vehicle is a dark place at night, and without some lighting you will not get an image. So, how do you get the illumination that you need?

Firstly, finding a shooting position. The position from where you put your camera is going to help you find the position of your lights. Handholding the camera while sitting beside the driver is not going to give you the best result, and here is why.

1. the camera will shake and sway as you roll with the movement of the vehicle
2. it will be an unflattering side view
3. the lens will be too close to the driver
4. you will be seeing straight out of the driver’s side window into the blackness of the night

you position yourself in the front passengers seat next to the driver, you should be able to sit the camera on a CineSaddle (or something similar) and hold it onto the dash. This will give you a far nicer angle.

On many video cameras, it is possible to twist the LCD panel so that you can see the image, and keep check on framing and exposure as you go along. This dashboard camera position is at approximate thirty degrees (the four o’clock position) to the driver. This is a good position because it is not a full profile view, and the area immediately behind the driver is not the blackness of the night. Helpful, especially when there is very little street light.

A slightly front-on angle works nicely for a number of other reasons.

1. the camera is not too close to the driver
2. the camera is locked to the movement of the vehicle
3. the driver is not in full profile
4. you can see some of the vehicle interior

What natural light sources are there? 

There are a few light sources already at play both inside and outside, but they are subtle and not usually outputting enough level to get a usable image. 

What are these sources?

1. the glow from the instrument cluster directly in front of the driver
2. street lighting
3. the lights of other vehicles
4. general night exterior ambience

These are the light sources that we will use, however they need to be re-created with your own lights. Essentially, you have to boost these levels.

A quick rewind

• there has to be a balance of artificial and ambient light to get realistic results 
• the camera positioned on the dashboard is best 
• turn the LCD panel so that you can see the image
• Lighting source #1 – the instrument lights

Instrument lights at night

There is always some illumination from the vehicle’s speedometer area illuminating the driver’s face, however, it is not usually bright enough to give you the ”base“ light level needed. You will have to recreate that, and here is how to do it.

Simulate the light from the instrument cluster to ensure that the light level is the minimum required to get a decent exposure. It should have enough output to sustain the scene, regardless of the exterior brightness; brightness levels that are sure to vary as you travel.

Here are a few ways to simulate the effect of that subtle instrument glow. 

Bounce the light from a battery light into a bounce board. Cut to size, then fit a small rectangle of white card into the instrument area. Place a battery light low and out of shot, but in a position where it is shining directly into the white bounce card. 

A low-wattage 12 volt battery light will be too bright for this purpose, so to reduce the output: 

1. take a sheet of Blackwrap Photofoil and roll it into a cone shape 
2. tape it to the front of the lamp head
3. squeeze the Blackwrap to allow just a small amount of light to shine through

Position the battery light. The light bounced from the white bounce card should suggest the subtle soft glow onto the face of the driver from the instrument area – similar to what might normally be happening. Providing that it is not too bright, it will be convincing.

Warm up or cool down the output. A sheet of CTO gel (Colour Temperature Orange) will add a warm quality to your light. You could even consider going for a blue CTB gel (Colour Temperature Blue) for a modern high-tech look. 

If lack of space around the instruments is a consideration, then wrap the white bounce card with the gel and leave the battery light gel-free. The result will be the same. You may need to devise a way of attaching the battery light in a position where it is not in your shot. One suggestion, is to use gaffer tape to secure the light to the top of the steering column.

Rosco’s LitePads are ideal for these set-ups. They use safe LED technology to output bright ultra-soft daylight. They are lightweight with an unusually slim form factor. Installing them is straight forward, not only because they are a compact all-in-one fixture, but because they occupy very little space.

Place the LitePad in the instrument area facing the driver

Rosco’s LitePads are safe and easy to manage in the cramped interior spaces of vehicles. They use narrow gauge 12 volt cable, useful in this situation, as it can be easily gaffer taped to surfaces in the vehicle and connected to a 12 volt accessory outlet. 

It is easy to over-light inside a vehicle and remember, you are trying to simulate the muted soft light of the instrument panel. Two sheets of Blackwrap Photofoil wrapped around the LitePad will cover the surface of the light and provide a way to decrease the light level.

Fit a sleeve of Blackwrap at both ends of the pad, leaving just a narrow slit of light in the centre. Slide both sleeves away from the centre to allow the right amount of light to sneak through. Sliding the Blackwrap in or out becomes your light dimmer.

In some ways this is a better solution to using a dimmer or ND gel. LitePads throw a wide, hard-to-contain spread of illumination, and it is hard to limit the light from spilling and bouncing all around the interior of the vehicle. This narrow slit of light is more centred on the subject, and it enhances what we are trying to achieve. 

Rewind

• fix a small rectangular white bounce card into the instrument area
• a sheet of CTO gel will add a warm feel to the light
• sheets of Blackwrap provide a way of reducing the brightness 

Lighting source #2 The door/rim light. Another fixture can be used to lift the overall interior level, without the prospect of over-lighting. This second light can be mounted to the exterior of the vehicle, in this case on the roof. 

The purpose of this second light, is to simulate the characteristics of illumination that comes from street lamps or just general suburban street ambience. But it does more than that, and has the potential to be a constant and motivating source. 

Filling it out. The soft light coming from the instrument panel, creates a slightly spooky feel, because the angle of the light is low. This second light is used to provide contrast and a little fill-light at the same time. Importantly though, it injects the spikes of high contrast associated with lighting at night. 

It is best located at a high angle, where it can throw light onto the inside of the door, spilling onto the drivers lap. Some light will also fall onto part of the face and shoulders. Falling as back-light in the scene, it will have minimal effect on the exposure level on the face of the driver. 

Catching the light. One situation where it does have an effect, is when the driver turns and looks out of the window. The exterior mounted light will catch and rim-light the side of the face. This is just the way it happens in reality. It is a good reason to ask your subject to turn occasionally and play to that light. 

Turn it off. The door/rim light will not be so convincing when the vehicle is passing through locations where there is little if any outside street light. You could switch it off in this situation, and let the instrument lighting carry the scene. This rim and door light, can be left switched on, or it can be triggered remotely, turning it on and off, or dimming it up and down to give the effect of passing by the street lamps as you move through the street light.

Can I simulate the odd colours of the street lights? 

You can use a small battery light or another LitePad. It could be tungsten or daylight balanced – it depends on the colour that looks best in the particular location.

Rosco Cinegel 3152 Urban Vapour can be used to simulate Sodium Vapour street lamps. To mimic the blue appearance of street lighting, typically Metal halide or Fluorescent, you can add Rosco Cinegel 3204 1/2 CTB or 3202 Full CTB to the light source being used. You will hear the gel rattle in the wind as you drive, so make sure the gel is taped tightly.

Attaching this light is simpler than it seems. 

1. You will need two Manfrotto Magic Arms, two Super Clamps and two Manfrotto Pump Cups.
2. Attach one of the Pump Cups to a flat area on the roof of the vehicle preferably just above the driver’s side window
3. Connect a Magic Arm and secure the light to the opposite end
4. Lock the arm in a position where the light is not seen the shot, but skirts the door interior and the shoulders of the driver
5. Locate an attachment point for the second Pump Cup. It is often most secure when it is sucked onto a glass surface – car windows are perfect
6. Attach the second Pump Cup – in this case, to the rear driver’s side window
7. Attach another Magic Arm and fit a Super Clamp to the opposite end
8. Brace the first Magic Arm close to the light attachment point with the Super Clamp and lock the Magic Arm
9. Make sure that the Magic Arms and light are not extending too far from the side of the vehicle (150mm at most)

Use gaffer tape to run the cable from the light to a point where you can switch it off or on. It will be useful to have this control.

Finally, driving sequences at night look better if there is a reasonable amount of suburban or city light in the streets. It helps to justify this simple lighting setup.

There are a number of different styles of tripods available. Regardless of whether it’s the telescopic type or the dual tube type, always try to use a tripod/fluid head combination that has a "levelling head". A tripod that has a adjustable rising centre post is designed for stills photography – it has no place under a video camera.

Video and stills tripods consist of two parts – a tripod and a fluid head, however it is common to refer to the whole unit as a tripod or a tripod system.

Tripods with ultra-lite telescoping tubes are popular for use with video cameras – the height range is impressive and you can operate from almost ground level to over the top of crowds.  Setting up a tripod can be a little like setting up a deck chair, so it’s best to get in the habit of doing things in the right order. For this tutorial, we're using the Miller Solo DV 2-stage telescopic tripod which is the one of the best tripod systems available.

Stand the tripod on the floor, un-tighten the pan/clamp and raise the pan/tilt handle parallel to the ground. This gets it out of the way so you can proceed to the the following steps.

1. Lift the tripod and cradle it on one arm. Loosen the (larger) upper concentric lock on one leg and extend the tube to the approximate height that you’d like to work then re-tighten it. If you want to set the tripod to a higher position, then extend and lock the lower tube first then the upper tube. You can stand the tripod on the one extend leg to check if the height is right for you.

2. Once you’re happy with the height, hold the tripod as before and extend the other legs to match the length of the extended tube. Make sure that you tighten all three concentric locks. 

3. Grip two of the legs with both hands near the top of the tripod and place the foot of the third leg to the ground in front of you. Keeping that tripod leg in place and take a step backwards, drawing the other two legs towards you and placing them on the ground. Be sure that you pull the legs out to the limit of the leg angle limiters or built-in spreader.

4. Using a Miller DS10 system, you should firstly mount the rectangular camera plate onto the base of the camera with the supplied attaching screw. The screw should be tightened and there should be no slipping movement – the locating pin on the plate should prevent this.

5. Slide the attached camera plate (now securely attached to the base of the camera) into the recessed channel on the fluid head and make sure that the yellow securing lever has fully engaged to lock the camera onto the head. Tighten the smaller yellow slide channel lock on the side of the head to ensure the camera doesn't slide forwards or backwards in the channel.

6. Set the panning arm angle. Find a position where the pan/tilt handle feels comfortable. I find it handy to have an index mark on the head to find this position in the future. Try a few positions to see how it feels, but once you find the sweet spot, you should place an index mark on the head so you can angle the arm just where you like it every time. You’ll find that it feels comfortable and familiar when it’s set at the same position each time. 

7. You are now ready to level the tripod. You should do this by gripping the top camera handle in one hand, and loosening the main locking adjustment cup underneath the tripod head. You should now be able to roll the fluid head with the camera and adjust all angles so that the small spirit level indicator on the head is in the centre of it's circular index marks. At this point re-tighten the adjustment cup.

8. You now need to balance the camera on the head. This is done by loosening the black tilt lever on the side of the fluid head. This will let you tilt the camera on the tripod. You will probably notice that the camera will tend to naturally tilt backward or forward depending on the where the camera is seated on the fluid head. You need the camera to sit level to the horizen, so undo the yellow slide lock (near the camera mounting plate) and slide the camera forward or backward so that it sits in that horizontal position. Tighten when balanced.

You are now ready to set your tilt and pan drag settings with the small rotatable knobs. This is a personal preference, but when set correctly you should be able to make smooth slow or fast speed camera moves without jerking, and be able to start the move from a stationary position without having to apply excessive force.

This was a talk on lighting basics I gave to filmmakers about to shoot their first film for the annual Tropfest Film Festival held in Sydney in February each year. There are helpful suggestions on which lights are best for particular shooting situations (duration 05:22)

Sony RoughCut lighting talk from Pieter de Vries ACS on Vimeo.

The green screen should be set at around 3 meters from the subject and the larger the screen the better. Try to not compromise on this distance from the subject, even if it means choosing another location. 

This gives you separation from the screen and reduces the amount of green reflecting off the screen and onto the back of your subjects. This green contamination is a real no-no.

Light your screen separately. Lowel Tota-Lites are good for this however KinoFlos or Lowel Caselights are also very good. I position one to each side and run them through a dimmer to control the output. The plan is to get an even spread on the screen with each of the lights washing out any creases in the fabric if that's what you are using. Lighting the screen so that it's one stop darker than the subject is a good rule of thumb.

Once you are happy, light your subject separately using all the modelling with the light and shade that you would normally use. Keep in mind that strong back-light on the hair and shoulders can exaggerate the fact that’s it is a green screen shot when the final composite is done. When you have finish lighting the screen, turn off the lamps lighting your subject so you can check to see if any green is reflecting back onto the backs of the subject. A small amount of back lighting will generally take care of this problem. It's important to make sure that there is no reflected green from the screen falling on the back of your subject – if there is, it will come back to haunt you as the production manager coughs up the extra dollars for the editor to clean up the problems.

Even lighting

As an on-camera light, the Lite-Panel LED is hard to go past. The ability to trim the brightness for any given lighting situation is important and this light allows you to do that. The daylight balanced 50 degree model works best as an on-camera light in my experience.

Use a piece of CTO correction gel for the tungsten lighting situations but you will loose some output as you'd expect. It's perfect for a night shoot inside a car and the wider beam of the two is more versatile.

Rosco LitePads also work nicely and have the ability to fix any lighting holes; those places where you find hard hide a light. Interior scenes in vehicles at night are nicely taken care of with LitePads along with so many other potentially tricky situations. These are my favourite light because of the different shapes and sizes that are available.

The great thing is that when you use it, nothing feels lit. It just appears like you've gotten lucky with soft natural available light every where you point the camera and we all know life's not really like that. It's the balance of light's output on the subject compared to the background that's the key to making it work.

As long as you can get the light reasonably close to your subject, remembering that if it’s a daytime exterior interview it’s a little harder to fill; the ambient daylight level will probably be quite high in the first place. The small on-camera light panel is even good used as a key light in low ambient light situations. It’s in the great sunny outdoors that you find there is not sufficient output.

I’d go for the wider beam version. It performs better as an all round camera light, but you'll have to power it from a separate battery (9v to 19v) in say a waist bag, as the battery provided clips onto the back of the light and makes the camera far too top heavy. It's no Sun-Gun, but a beautifully subtle lighting tool for video.

© 2013 Pieter de Vries ACS

Photographic tripods consist of two primary parts – a tripod and a fluid head, however it is common to refer to the whole unit as a tripod or a tripod system. 

To get precision pans and tilts, you have to take the time to balance the camera once it is mounted on the fluid head. Australian manufacturer Miller Camera Support design and build a broad range of tripod systems so I will discuss the Miller DS10 Carbon Fibre system here. 

On the Sony PMW-EX1R and some other digital video cameras, you must be sure that  ALL OF THE MANUAL ADJUSTMENT icons are active if you want to have full manual control over your camera.

Iris, Gain, Shutter Speed and White balance settings and icons must all be in seen along the bottom of the screen. Do this by pushing the corresponding Iris, Gain, Shutter Speed and White balance buttons on the camera.

Here is why

The camera software assumes that any parameter that you don't see on the screen must be automatically adjusted by the camera. For example, if you have all of these settings active except the GAIN, the camera will automatically make a gain level adjustment for you when the picture is too dark. Even though you have control of the IRIS, it appears to be adjusting the light level automatically when panning to dark area of the scene. 

It's not the IRIS that is automatically adjusting here, it's the GAIN.

Finally, remember, "locking" the manual adjustments by sliding the switch to the HOLD position locks out ALL the adjustments, including the iris, which is the one thing that you usually need to have control over.

© 2013 Pieter de Vries ACS

A few years back I was filming a documentary with Mark Strickson a natural history director with Bristol based UK production company, Partridge Films. We were shooting sequences for Discovery Channel in Far North Queensland in Australia, and were at the tail end of a six week stint shooting "Deadly Crocs" with then relatively unknown Croc Hunter, Steve Irwin. Steve was the same then…and I claim little more than to have introduced him to the art of making and drinking decent strong coffee while we were camping. This may have been a catalyst to his rather odd presenting style.

Having finished most of Steve's sequences, Mark and I set up our tents by the South Kennedy River in Far North Queensland, Australia. We planned to leave early in the morning for a pleasant filming trip up the river in our small tin boat in search of Salt Water Crocs. The next morning we slowly motored up river heading north towards the mouth of the river. There were a large number of "Salties" sunning themselves on the muddy banks. This was encouraging. The river ahead divided, and on the bank where the river split, there was a large lifeless salty taking in the sun. Mouth open and rock solid, it lay motionless in the distance.

I decided to shoot initially from a distance to get a safety shot. This is the shot to get in case I the subject takes its leave. He or she could become shy and quickly slip into the water. I asked Mark to give me some forward motion with the motor to help stabilize the boat and then suggested he switch it off and allow us to drift quietly towards the croc. The resulting footage was smooth as I had my Miller Arrow HD tripod straddling the uneven floor of the boat. It appeared that this animal was very much at ease in the sunny spot and as I knew that I already had a few great shots in the can, I thought we go for the cream. With the tiny outboard switched off, we drifted into the bank with some assistance from the oars. The bow of the boat wedged into the muddy bank around two meters from our croc who was still very much in relaxed mode. 

I found an even closer handheld shooting position at the bow and decided to stabilise myself by quietly placing one foot onto the bank. The plan here was; one foot on the bank and the other in the boat. This prevented the tinny from sliding back off the bank. As I put my foot onto what I though was solid bank, my whole leg sank down, into the mud, all the way to my thigh making an obscene squelching noise! I couldn't pull it out – my let was in too deep and the suction was too strong. 

I whispered loudly to Mark to fire up the outboard and reverse rapidly to yank my leg out. I was there with one foot on floor of the tinny with the other leg buried and seemingly permanently imbedded in three feet of mud. The nine footer was only two meters away and now getting wary – I had nowhere to go. The outboard motor didn't start (have you ever know an outboard to start first go?) and by now I was making way too much noise. Had the croc decided to strike, it would have been curtains.

I'm happy to say that the option of grabbing me, a meal for the taking, was mercifully, not as enticing as the joy of continuing to lie in the warmth of the tropical sun. I can recall his/her eye slowly opening, a slow look to me then…. closing again and back to the business of sleeping. There is truly no way that I could have escaped. I did eventually extract the leg and so here to tell the story.

The trip back to the camp site was interesting. The tide had retreated and the river level by now was dramatically lower. What water there was, was a torrent that flowed the wrong way! We ended up having to carry the boat full of 16mm camera equipment over the rocks . Then we ran out of fuel!

Almost dark and in full view of the many crocs now forming a peanut gallery along the banks, we must have been a site for sore eyes. None of them moved off the bank to take us. I think by now they just felt sorry for us.

© 2013 Pieter de Vries ACS

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